Tower Bridge

In the late 19th century, the rapid commercial development of London's East End necessitated a new river crossing downstream of London Bridge. However, a traditional fixed bridge would have blocked access to the Pool of London for tall-masted ships. A Special Bridge or Subway Committee was formed in 1876 to find a solution, eventually selecting a design by Sir Horace Jones that combined a bascule bridge with suspension elements. Construction began in 1886 and took eight years to complete, involving five major contractors and the labor of over 400 workers. The bridge is a marvel of Victorian engineering, featuring two massive piers sunk into the riverbed to support the structure. Over 11,000 tons of steel provided the framework for the towers and walkways, which were then clad in Cornish granite and Portland stone to protect the steelwork and give the bridge a more aesthetic appearance that complemented the nearby Tower of London. The original raising mechanism was powered by pressurized water stored in several hydraulic accumulators, which were fueled by massive steam engines. Since its official opening on June 30, 1894, by the Prince of Wales, Tower Bridge has become one of the most recognizable landmarks in the world. While the high-level walkways were closed in 1910 due to lack of use and a reputation for attracting crime, they were reopened in 1982 as part of the Tower Bridge Exhibition. In 1976, the original steam-powered system was replaced by a modern electro-hydraulic drive system, though the original engine rooms are still preserved as a museum, showcasing the bridge's industrial heritage.